心肌炎

什么是心肌炎?

心肌炎 is a serious though rare condition where inflammation develops in the myocardium, or middle muscular layer of the heart wall.

心肌炎 can weaken the heart and its electrical system. As a result, the heart’s ability to pump blood declines.

The condition may be acute and resolve quickly. Or it may be chronic, lasting longer than two weeks. In severe cases, myocarditis may lead to 中风, 心脏病, 心脏衰竭 或死亡.

Often the cause of myocarditis is unknown. Commonly a viral infection (such as a cold or flu), bacterial infection (such as diphtheria or strep), or fungal infection (such as candidiasis) can lead to myocarditis. Medications, autoimmune disorders, toxic substances also can cause it. 

心肌炎的症状是什么?

People with myocarditis don’t always have symptoms. Others have mild or severe signs, such as:

• 乏力。
• 呼吸急促（气促）。
• 发热。
• 胸部疼痛
• 心跳剧烈、快速或不规则
• 头晕或昏厥
• Flulike symptoms including headache, body ache, joint pain or sore throat

某些心肌炎病例可以 感觉像心脏病发作. Seek emergency medical help immediately for unexplained chest pain or shortness of breath.

How is myocarditis diagnosed and treated?

A health care professional is needed to diagnose myocarditis. Patients will often get a physical exam and share their medical and family history. In addition, other procedures are used to diagnose the condition, including:

• 血液测试
• 核磁共振成像 (核磁共振成像)
• 胸部x光片
• 心电图(心电图 (心电图)
• Echocardiograph
• 心导管检查 和活组织检查

心肌炎 treatment targets symptoms and the underlying cause if it’s known. Those with mild myocarditis may only need rest and medication. Patients with severe cases may need lifelong medication, implanted devices or other surgeries.

保持健康 

Proper heart function can be supported by lifestyle changes. 其中包括 减少钠的摄入,避免 酒精, 戒烟. Patients with myocarditis are often advised to avoid competitive sports while active inflammation is present.

心肌炎和COVID-19

Health organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continue to monitor whether myocarditis is linked to COVID-19. Researchers have published several studies on myocarditis and COVID-19 cases and vaccines since the start of the pandemic. 一些包括: 

• An international study published in April 2022 found about 3 in every 1,000 patients hospitalized due to a COVID-19 infection developed acute myocarditis. The study used data from the first 15 months of the pandemic, before COVID-19 vaccines were widely available. Among those hospitalized for COVID-19 and diagnosed with myocarditis, those who also developed pneumonia were more likely to need a ventilator to breathe and had an increased risk of death.
• A December 2021 study found that most adolescents and young adults with suspected myocarditis following a COVID-19 vaccination have mild symptoms and rapid recovery. But the study notes that information on longer-term outcomes is lacking and future studies are needed.
• 心肌炎 was reported at a higher rate  than expected among some people who received the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, 根据2021年7月的一项研究. Most of the suspected myocarditis cases in that study developed after the second dose and were among males between 12 and 39 years old. 尽管有这些案例, the study stated that the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine outweigh the rare risk of myocarditis.